| Experiment code | PG Experiment 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment Title | “STUDIES ON TARGET LEAF SPOT OF COTTON CAUSED BY Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei” | ||
| Research Type | PG research | ||
| Experiment Background | Background Information Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the most important fiber crops playing a key role in economic and social scenario of the globe. It is also known as "The White Gold" or "The King of Fibers". Cotton is a premier cash crop of our country and belongs to family Malvaceae (Anonymous, 2017). Cotton is one of the most ancient and important commercial crops next only to food grains and is the principal raw material for a flourishing textile industry. It provides employment and sustenance to a population of nearly 42 Million people, who are involved directly or indirectly in cotton production, processing, textiles and related activities (Manickam, 2013). Currently, Gossypium includes 50 species, four of which are cultivated, fourty four is wild diploids and two are wild tetraploids. Out of the four cultivated species, Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. commonly called as new world cottons are tetraploids (2n = 4x = 52). Whereas, G. herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L. are diploids (2n = 2x = 26) and are commonly called as old world cottons. India with its unique distinction is the only country in the world which cultivates all four cultivable species of cotton (Khadi et al., 1970). Cotton is an important fiber yielding crop of global importance, which is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of more than 80 countries of the world. It is an important agriculture commodity traded all over the world. The major cotton producing countries are USA, China, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Argentina, Australia, Greece, Brazil and Turkey. In total global cotton production 70 per cent cotton production comes from four countries, which includes China (27%), India (22%), USA (13%) and Pakistan (8%). For many developing and underdeveloped countries cotton export is the main source of foreign exchange earnings (Patil, 2007). Cotton is grown worldwide for its natural fiber and oil. Cotton seed contain 30 per cent starch, 25 per cent oil and 16.20 per cent protein. It is also being used in the manufacture of medicinal supplies, tarpaulin, cordage and belting. The cotton hulls serve as roughage for livestock and the fuzz (short seed hair) is used in the manufacture of papers, plastics, carpets, rayon, explosives and cotton wool (Prasad, 2015). Cotton is grown in varied or diverse agro climatic conditions, varying from 8-32 °N latitude and 70-80° longitude in 3 areas, viz., Northern, Central and Southern zones of India. Approximately 65 per cent of India’s cotton is produced under rain fed conditions and 35 per cent on irrigated lands. Cotton is a warm climate crop sown in spring or early summer (April/May) and harvested in early winter (October/November). The optimum temperature is required for the growth of cotton range between 20 to 30°C and primarily grown on black to alluvial soil with pH range 5.5-8.5 (Chidambaram, 2007). India is the largest cotton growing country in the world with an area of 130.07 lakh ha with an annual production of 353.84 lakh bales (Anon., 2020-21). In Gujarat, cotton is cultivated in an area of 22.70 lakh ha and the production of 72.70 lakh bales. (Anon., 2021-22). In India, the productivity of cotton is very low due to many constraints including diseases. Diseases are inherent compounds of the agro ecosystem that must be dealt with continuously and on a knowledge basis. Cotton is affected by various diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Corynespora leaf blight of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) also referred to as “target spot” is caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei, was reported in the cotton plant for the first time in 1959 in the state of Alabama, USA (Jones 1961, Onesirosan et al., 1975). After this occurrence, it has frequently appeared in cotton crops in the United States (Fulmer et al., 2012, Corner et al., 2013), China (Wei et al., 2014) and Brazil (Galbieriet al., 2014, Dias et al., 2016). Other than cotton, the pathogen attacks several crop plants. Yield losses range from 5 to 40 per cent and lint can be reduced by 224 Kg/ha (Conner et al., 2013 and Hagan 2014). The Corynespora leaf spot is a cosmopolitan fungal plant pathogen that frequently causes leaf spot and premature defoliation of its hosts. Diseases incited by this pathogen cause yield losses on several crops, e.g., cucumber (Blazquez 1967), cowpea (Rodriguez and Melendez 1984) tomato (Pernezny et al., 2002) and rubber (Fernando et al., 2010) The initial symptoms of target leaf spot in cotton are characterized by small spots on the leaves located in the lower stratum of the plant (Conner et al., 2013). The symptoms were observed in the lower canopy, which progressed upward to cover the entire plant. Initially, leaves exhibited circular to irregular, dark red, small and numerous lesions, which over the time became brown (5-10 mm) and surrounded by a dark border. As lesions matured, alternating rings of light and dark brown bands developed. The most mature lesions presented a target type appearance. Lesions may present as concentric rings (Fulmer et al., 2012) and in case of great severity, the leaves acquire a yellowish colour and easily detach from the branches, resulting in defoliation of the plant (Corner et al., 2013). This disease is newly introduced into South Gujarat region and hence it is felt necessary to conduct systemic investigation with the following objectives. | ||
| Experiment Group | Plant Pathology | ||
| Unit Type | (01)RESEARCH UNIT | ||
| Unit | (46)MAIN COTTON RESEARCH STATION (SURAT) | ||
| Department | (269)Main Cotton Research Station Surat | ||
| BudgetHead | (313/12014/00)313/01/REG/00087 | ||
| Objective |
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| Season | Not season specific | ||
| Location Unit Type | (01)RESEARCH UNIT | ||
| Location Unit | (46)MAIN COTTON RESEARCH STATION (SURAT) | ||
| Location Department | (269)Main Cotton Research Station Surat | ||
| Plot No | Lab trials and survey in farmers field | ||
| PI Name | (NAU-EMP-2013-000589)PRASHANT BHAGWATI PRASAD SANDIPAN | ||
| PI Email | prashantsandipan@nau.in | ||
| PI Mobile | 9099988044 | ||
| Year of Approval | 2021 | ||
| Commencement Year | 2021 | ||
| Completion Year | 2023 | ||
| Design of Experiment |
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| Crop Spacing (cm x cm) |
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| Gross Plot (m x m) | NIL | ||
| Net Plot (m x m) | NIL | ||
| Total Experiment Area (m2) | NIL | ||
| Plot History Last Three Year |
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| Initial Soil Sample Analysis Report |
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| Initial Soil Sample Analysis Report Attachment | Attachment Not Available! | ||
| Layout Plan |
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| Layout Plan Attachment | Attachment Not Available! | ||
| Treatment |
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| Treatment Attachment | Attachment Not Available! | ||
| (NAU-EMP-2013-000589) PRASHANT BHAGWATI PRASAD SANDIPAN | prashantsandipan@nau.in | 9099988044 | 08-09-2022 |
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| Cotton | Different Bt varieties/hybrids |